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European Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker (left), Chinese President Xi Jinping, French President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel gather in the courtyard of the Elysee Palace ahead of a meeting in Paris on March 26. Photo: Bloomberg
The past three years have seen increasingly vocal European criticism of China’s involvement in the continent. This culminated in March with the European Commission’s designation of China as a systemic rival.
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What is behind such hostility? Is it China’s growing global footprint through its gargantuan “Belt and Road Initiative”? Is it Beijing’s bonhomie with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe?

Of all the factors that explain European wariness, the underlying one is the realisation that China is here to stay. What is peculiar, however, is that China’s rise as a power in Europe came by accident, rather than design.

In 1995, Richard Holbrooke – the then US assistant secretary of state for European affairs – called America a European power. His observation rested on, among other things, the fact that president Bill Clinton had made four trips to the continent the year before.

By this metric, China is on its way to becoming a European power. In 2018, President Xi Jinping made two stops in Europe, and Premier Li Keqiang visited the continent twice.

Yet, while the US can point to significant historical, economic and cultural entanglements with Europe, China seems to be an interloper. After the second world war, the US made commitments to Europe’s economic recovery through the Marshall Plan, and to its security through Nato.

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